Top 50 Personal Injury Settlements in New York in 2019
We are pleased to present to you the list of the top 50 personal injury settlements obtained in New York in the year 2019. The list is comprised of cases filed either in a state or federal court, as well as those settled prior to commencing a lawsuit.
For firms that have made the list and would like to signify their achievement on their website or in other marketing materials, TopVerdict.com has issued a special electronic badge that is available for purchase here.
If you are the attorney who obtained one of the 50 settlements on this list, you can display a separate, personalized badge on your bio page to showcase your victory and potentially generate more business for your firm. You can buy your personalized attorney badge here. You can also obtain a personalized plaque to display in your office.
Note: If you have made this list (Top 50 Personal Injury Settlements in New York in 2019) you have also made the list of Top 100 Personal Injury Settlements in New York in 2019.
Important: While we strive to achieve maximum accuracy and completeness of our lists, we cannot guarantee either at 100%. If you believe another settlement should be on this list, please submit it to us today.
1 | |
Amount: | $36,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Paul J. Edelstein, Glenn K. Faegenburg of Edelsteins, Faegenburg & Brown LLP |
Case: | Tavares, et al. v. City of NY, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Dangerous Condition, Falling Object, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Brain Injury, Negligent Maintenance, Excavator Accident, Negligent Tort, Paralysis Injury |
2 | |
Amount: | $25,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Gail S. Kelner, Robert S. Kelner of Kelner & Kelner |
Case: | JB v. XYZ Corp., et al. |
Type: | Bicycle Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Personal Injury, Truck Accident, Negligent Entrustment, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Single-Vehicle Accident, Catastrophic Injury |
3 | |
Amount: | $13,502,558.00 |
Attorneys: | Michael E. Duffy, Mary Ellen Duffy, Sean M. Duffy of Duffy & Duffy, PLLC |
Case: | G.F., Pro Ami v. Albany Medical Center |
Type: | Birth Injury, Delayed Treatment, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Failure to Monitor, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Failure to Test |
4 | |
Amount: | $11,500,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Daniel P. O'Toole of Block O'Toole & Murphy, LLP |
Case: | Zeqiraj v. 45 E 22nd Street Property |
Type: | Construction Accident, Personal Injury, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Negligent Tort |
5 | |
Amount: | $11,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Daniel P. O'Toole, Scott Occhiogrosso of Block O'Toole & Murphy, LLP |
Case: | Mirzayev v. JPER LLC, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Dangerous Condition, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Fall, Contractor Negligence, Negligent Tort, Catastrophic Injury |
6 | |
Amount: | $8,772,727.00 |
Attorneys: | William T. Burdo of Levine & Grossman |
Case: | A.M. v. Kofinas, et al. |
Type: | Birth Injury, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Brain Injury, Medication Error, Cerebral Palsy, Failure to Refer, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Failure to Test, Quadriplegia |
7 | |
Amount: | $8,500,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Leigh D. Eskenasi, Louis Grandelli of Law Offices of Louis Grandelli, PC |
Case: | Leccese v. The Brooklyn Union Gas Co., et al. |
Type: | Dangerous Condition, Failure to Warn, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Work Accident, Brain Injury, Fall, Utility Negligence, Negligent Tort |
8 (tie) | |
Amount: | $7,500,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Ethan W. Collins, Michael T. Szczygiel of Collins & Collins Attorneys, LLC |
Case: | Gagne v. Hayner Hoyt Corp. |
Type: | Personal Injury, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Brain Injury, Fall, Negligent Tort, Catastrophic Injury |
8 (tie) | |
Amount: | $7,500,000.00 |
Attorneys: | James C. Napoli of Caesar & Napoli, PC |
Case: | Xu v. NYCTA, et al. |
Type: | Bus Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Pedestrian Accident, Personal Injury, Negligent Tort, Mass Transit Accident, Single-Vehicle Accident |
9 | |
Amount: | $6,825,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Jeffrey K. Levine of Law Offices of Jeffrey K. Levine |
Case: | Erkhan v. McDonald’s Corp., et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Personal Injury, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Brain Injury, Fall, Ladder Accident, Negligent Tort |
10 | |
Amount: | $6,500,000.00 |
Attorneys: | David M. Hoffman of Wingate Russotti Shapiro & Halperin, LLP |
Case: | Gyatso v. State of NY |
Type: | Construction Accident, Government Negligence, Personal Injury, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Brain Injury, Fall, Negligent Tort |
11 | |
Amount: | $6,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Steven Gold, Paul B. Weitz of Paul B. Weitz & Associates, PC |
Case: | S.B., Pro Ami v. NYC Health & Hospitals Corp. |
Type: | Birth Injury, Delayed Childbirth, Medical Malpractice, Negligent Supervision, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Brain Injury, Negligent Hiring, Negligent Training, Lack of Informed Consent, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Negligent Retention, Quadriplegia |
12 | |
Amount: | $5,218,750.00 |
Attorneys: | Carmine A. Rubino of Kramer, Dillof, Livingston & Moore |
Case: | N.S., Pro Ami v. Beer, et al. |
Type: | Birth Injury, Delayed Childbirth, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Brain Injury, Failure to Monitor, Ob-Gyn Malpractice, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior |
13 (tie) | |
Amount: | $5,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Jonathan C. Juliano of John L. Juliano PC |
Case: | Valladares v. Schember, et al. |
Type: | Car Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Personal Injury, Negligent Entrustment, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability |
13 (tie) | |
Amount: | $5,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Christopher F. Holbrook of Schwartzapfel Lawyers PC |
Case: | Strika v. City of NY, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Personal Injury, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Fall, Negligent Tort |
14 | |
Amount: | $4,900,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Glen P. Rodriguez, Heather Nathan of Rodriguez & Nathan, PLLC |
Case: | Adames v. LIRR |
Type: | Dangerous Condition, Failure to Warn, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Slip & Fall, Negligent Maintenance, Negligent Tort |
15 | |
Amount: | $4,867,788.00 |
Attorneys: | Joseph Ciaccio of Napoli Shkolnik PLLC |
Case: | Z.K., Pro Ami v. St. Charles Hospital |
Type: | Birth Injury, Delayed Childbirth, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Brain Injury, Ob-Gyn Malpractice, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior |
16 | |
Amount: | $4,740,100.00 |
Attorneys: | Eleni Coffinas, Gent Disha of Sullivan Papain Block McGrath Coffinas & Cannavo, P.C. |
Case: | A.S., Pro Ami, v. Reddy, et al. |
Type: | Birth Injury, Delayed Childbirth, Hospital Malpractice, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Brain Injury, Cerebral Palsy, Ob-Gyn Malpractice, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior |
17 | |
Amount: | $4,400,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Gary T. Certain, Michael A. Zilberg of Certain & Zilberg, PLLC |
Case: | Shehu v. City Of NY, et al. |
Type: | Dangerous Condition, Government Negligence, Motor Vehicle Accident, Motorcycle Accident, Personal Injury, Failure to Maintain, Negligent Tort, Single-Vehicle Accident, Paraplegia, Paralysis Injury |
18 (tie) | |
Amount: | $4,300,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Barry Salzman of Barasch McGarry Salzman & Penson |
Case: | Zaino v. The Laurel Group, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Personal Injury, Work Accident, Workplace Negligence, Workplace Safety, Contractor Negligence, Excavator Accident, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Catastrophic Injury, Paralysis Injury |
18 (tie) | |
Amount: | $4,300,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Judd F. Kleeger of Hecht Kleeger & Damashek, PC |
Case: | Pestic v. Stern Projects LLC, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Falling Object, Personal Injury, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Negligent Tort |
18 (tie) | |
Amount: | $4,300,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Steven R. Sundheim of Steven R. Sundheim & Associates, LLC; Cesar Zuniga of Zuniga & Rinaldi, LLP |
Case: | Fernandez v. Sears, et al. |
Type: | Failure to Warn, Personal Injury, Product Liability, Property Damage, Wrongful Death, Burn Injury, Defective Product, Intentional Tort, Intentional Misrepresentation, Emotional Distress, Negligent Tort, Strict Liability, Fire Damage |
19 | |
Amount: | $3,950,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Brian M. King of Law Office of Brian M. King PC |
Case: | Auto Driver v. Auto Driver |
Type: | Car Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Personal Injury, Negligent Tort |
20 | |
Amount: | $3,722,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Scott Occhiogrosso of Block O'Toole & Murphy, LLP |
Case: | Topuria v. Ane LLC, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Fall, Contractor Negligence, Negligent Tort |
21 | |
Amount: | $3,662,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Craig E. Jackson of Craig E. Jackson, Attorney at Law |
Case: | G.E., Pro Ami v. Feras Transportation Inc., et al. |
Type: | Falling Object, Personal Injury, Product Liability, Defective Product, Negligent Entrustment, Negligent Tort, Strict Liability, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Amputation |
22 (tie) | |
Amount: | $3,500,000.00 |
Attorneys: | William P. Hepner of Wingate Russotti Shapiro & Halperin, LLP |
Case: | Construction Worker v. General Contractor, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Dangerous Condition, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Fall, Scaffolding Accident, Contractor Negligence, Negligent Tort, Strict Liability |
22 (tie) | |
Amount: | $3,500,000.00 |
Attorneys: | James P. Fitzgerald of The Fitzgerald Law Firm, P.C. |
Case: | A.C., Pro Ami v. The NY And Presbyterian Hospital |
Type: | Delayed Treatment, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Brain Injury, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior |
23 | |
Amount: | $3,449,990.00 |
Attorneys: | Patrick J. Mullaney of Law Offices of Alexander Bespechny |
Case: | Poletayev v. City of NY, et al. |
Type: | Car Accident, Government Negligence, Motor Vehicle Accident, Personal Injury, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Emergency Vehicle Accident |
24 | |
Amount: | $3,400,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Alan W. Clark of Alan W. Clark & Associates, LLC |
Case: | J.C., Pro Ami v. New York Presbyterian Hospital |
Type: | Birth Injury, Delayed Childbirth, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Brain Injury, Cerebral Palsy, Ob-Gyn Malpractice, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Failure to Test |
25 | |
Amount: | $3,100,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Slawek W. Platta, Brandon Cotter of Platta Law Firm, PLLC |
Case: | Norko v. 1211 6th Avenue Property Owner LLC, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Dangerous Condition, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Slip & Fall, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Ladder Accident, Contractor Negligence, Negligent Tort |
26 | |
Amount: | $3,049,819.00 |
Attorneys: | James P. Fitzgerald, Giovanny Sanchez of The Fitzgerald Law Firm, P.C. |
Case: | M.S., Pro Ami, et al. v. Beth Israel Medical Center |
Type: | Birth Injury, Delayed Childbirth, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Brain Injury, Ob-Gyn Malpractice, Lack of Informed Consent, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior |
27 (tie) | |
Amount: | $3,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Steven M. Weinstein of The Weinstein Law Group PLLC |
Case: | Calderon v. City of NY, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Government Negligence, Personal Injury, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Fall, Scaffolding Accident, Negligent Tort |
27 (tie) | |
Amount: | $3,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Jeffrey A. Block, S. Joseph Donahue of Block O'Toole & Murphy, LLP |
Case: | Shala v. MG Retail LLC, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Personal Injury, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Fall, Ladder Accident, Negligent Tort |
27 (tie) | |
Amount: | $3,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Sean M. Duffy of Duffy & Duffy, PLLC |
Case: | Osuagwu v. Eihab Human Services, et al. |
Type: | Delayed Diagnosis, Delayed Treatment, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Brain Injury, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Failure to Test |
28 | |
Amount: | $2,950,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Mitchell R. Kahn of Wingate Russotti Shapiro & Halperin, LLP |
Case: | Berrezueta v. 49 S Second St LLC, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Brain Injury, Fall, Scaffolding Accident, Contractor Negligence, Negligent Tort |
29 | |
Amount: | $2,700,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Brian M. King of Law Office of Brian M. King PC |
Case: | Tenant v. Landlord |
Type: | Dangerous Condition, Falling Object, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Negligent Maintenance, Negligent Tort |
30 | |
Amount: | $2,650,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Michael J. Hurwitz, Stephen J. Murphy of Block O'Toole & Murphy, LLP |
Case: | Velez-Tejada v. 4525 - 4555 Apartments Corp., et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Falling Object, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Scaffolding Accident, Contractor Negligence, Negligent Tort |
31 | |
Amount: | $2,610,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Ira M. Maurer of The Maurer Law Firm PLLC |
Case: | Dixons v. Stein, et al. |
Type: | Car Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Personal Injury, Truck Accident, Negligent Entrustment, Head-on Collision, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Catastrophic Injury |
32 | |
Amount: | $2,300,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Brian J. O’Connor of The O’Connor Law Firm; Y. Albert Dauti of Dauti Law Firm, PC |
Case: | Mazzola v. Silverstein Properties, et al. |
Type: | Personal Injury, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Fall, Ladder Accident, Negligent Tort |
33 | |
Amount: | $2,225,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Daniel W. Aiello of Cellino & Barnes |
Case: | Saeed v. Zara Realty Holdings, et al. |
Type: | Dangerous Condition, Failure to Warn, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Slip & Fall, Negligent Tort |
34 (tie) | |
Amount: | $2,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Robert Vilensky of Ronemus & Vilensky LLP |
Case: | Flores v. MTA, et al. |
Type: | Car Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Personal Injury, Truck Accident, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior |
34 (tie) | |
Amount: | $2,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Slawek W. Platta, Brandon Cotter of Platta Law Firm, PLLC |
Case: | Dropola v. City of NY, et al. |
Type: | Construction Accident, Government Negligence, Personal Injury, Work Accident, Workplace Safety, Fall, Ladder Accident, Negligent Tort |
35 | |
Amount: | $1,940,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Michael P. Napolitano of Cellino & Barnes |
Case: | Prosek v. City of NY, et al. |
Type: | Car Accident, Government Negligence, Motor Vehicle Accident, Pedestrian Accident, Personal Injury, Brain Injury, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Single-Vehicle Accident, Catastrophic Injury |
36 | |
Amount: | $1,750,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Kyle G. Newman of James Newman P.C. |
Case: | K.B., Pro Ami, v. NYC Health & Hospitals Corp. |
Type: | Birth Injury, Delayed Childbirth, Failure to Diagnose, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Brain Injury, Failure to Treat, Failure to Monitor, Ob-Gyn Malpractice, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior |
37 | |
Amount: | $1,657,500.00 |
Attorneys: | Robert J. Cava of Law Offices of Robert J. Cava P.C. |
Case: | In the matter of Johnson |
Type: | Car Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Personal Injury, Negligent Entrustment, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability |
38 | |
Amount: | $1,600,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Alicia Ellsayed of Douglas & London, P.C. |
Case: | Employee of Management Co. v. Property Owner |
Type: | Dangerous Condition, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Fall, Failure to Maintain, Negligent Tort |
39 (tie) | |
Amount: | $1,500,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Steven R. Harris, Lucas B. Franken of Harris Law |
Case: | R.W. v. City of NY, et al. |
Type: | Government Negligence, Negligent Supervision, Personal Injury, Breach of Duty of Care, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior |
39 (tie) | |
Amount: | $1,500,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Abby M. Sonin of Sonin & Genis |
Case: | Lugo v. Lemle Realty |
Type: | Dangerous Condition, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Trip & Fall, Negligent Maintenance, Negligent Tort |
39 (tie) | |
Amount: | $1,500,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Jeffrey I. Baum of Jeffrey I. Baum & Associates, PC |
Case: | Jacobson v. The Squeeze, et al. |
Type: | Bicycle Accident, Pedestrian Accident, Personal Injury, Negligent Tort |
40 | |
Amount: | $1,400,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Kyle G. Newman of James Newman P.C. |
Case: | Psychiatric Patient v. Psychiarist |
Type: | Medical Malpractice, Misdiagnosis, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Medication Error, Psychiatric Malpractice, Failure to Monitor, Negligent Tort |
41 | |
Amount: | $1,375,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Larry Rosenfeld of Law Office of Larry Rosenfeld PC |
Case: | J.B., Pro Ami, et al. v. Laboard, et al. |
Type: | Failure to Diagnose, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Failure to Treat, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior, Failure to Test |
42 (tie) | |
Amount: | $1,350,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Michael S. Bender of Michael S. Bender, PC |
Case: | Rosales v. Museum of Modern Art |
Type: | Dangerous Condition, Personal Injury, Premises Liability, Trip & Fall, Work Accident, Failure to Maintain, Negligent Tort |
42 (tie) | |
Amount: | $1,350,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Jordan K. Merson of Merson Law PLLC |
Case: | R.S., Pro Ami v. South Nassau Communities Hospital, et al. |
Type: | Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Erroneous Treatment, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior |
43 | |
Amount: | $1,325,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Thomas P. Cleere of Cellino & Barnes |
Case: | Rodriguez v. Mabstoa, et al. |
Type: | Bus Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Pedestrian Accident, Personal Injury, Negligent Tort, Mass Transit Accident, Single-Vehicle Accident, Amputation |
44 | |
Amount: | $1,225,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Matthew H. Bligh of Rosenberg & Gluck, LLP |
Case: | Stolworthy v. Hayes, et al. |
Type: | Car Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Personal Injury, Negligent Tort |
45 (tie) | |
Amount: | $1,100,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Igor Grichanik of Cellino & Barnes |
Case: | Pedestrian v. Trucker |
Type: | Motor Vehicle Accident, Pedestrian Accident, Personal Injury, Truck Accident, Wrongful Death, Negligent Tort, Single-Vehicle Accident |
45 (tie) | |
Amount: | $1,100,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Matthew T. Gammons of Rosenbaum & Rosenbaum, P.C. |
Case: | 13-Year-Old Infant Plaintiff v. Orthopedic Surgeons |
Type: | Failure to Diagnose, Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Erroneous Treatment, Negligent Tort, Failure to Test |
46 | |
Amount: | $1,075,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Barry S. Kantrowitz of Kantrowitz, Goldhamer & Graifman P.C. |
Case: | B.Z., Pro Ami v. Town of Orangetown, et al. |
Type: | Government Negligence, Motor Vehicle Accident, Personal Injury, Burn Injury, Negligent Entrustment, Negligent Tort, Vicarious Liability, Respondeat Superior |
47 | |
Amount: | $1,000,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Daniel S. Klebanoff of Klebanoff Attorneys |
Case: | Pedestrian v. Driver |
Type: | Car Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Pedestrian Accident, Personal Injury, Negligent Tort, Single-Vehicle Accident |
48 | |
Amount: | $975,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Michaelangelo Matera of The Matera Law Firm |
Case: | Falese v. Hosty |
Type: | Car Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Personal Injury, Negligent Tort |
49 | |
Amount: | $926,358.00 |
Attorneys: | David B. Golomb of Law Offices of David B. Golomb |
Case: | M.W., Pro Ami v. Lent Bloch |
Type: | Birth Injury, Hospital Malpractice, Personal Injury, Professional Malpractice, Inadequate Care, Shoulder Dystocia, Negligent Tort, Failure to Test |
50 (tie) | |
Amount: | $900,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Steven Melley of Steven M. Melley, PLLC |
Case: | Driver v. Pick-Up Truck Driver |
Type: | Car Accident, Motor Vehicle Accident, Personal Injury, Truck Accident, Negligent Tort |
50 (tie) | |
Amount: | $900,000.00 |
Attorneys: | Joseph Ciaccio of Napoli Shkolnik PLLC |
Case: | C.S. v. Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc., et al. |
Type: | Birth Injury, Breach of Warranty, Failure to Warn, Fraud, Misrepresentation, Personal Injury, Pharmacy Malpractice, Product Liability, Defective Product, Intentional Tort, Gross Negligence, Constructive Fraud, Negligent Tort, Strict Liability |